Buckley was appointed as manager for the Lancashire outfit in the summer, replacing Paul Simpson.
Despite a decent start to the season, the third division outfit began to struggle and hover just five points from the relegation places.
Last week Buckley signed former Town hero Kev Donovan on non-contract terms. Donovan's future at the club all depends on the new manager.
The Rochdale board are expected to announce Buckley's successor in the next few days.